Christianity and Human Rights in the Middle East

The difficulties that the Middle East presents for human rights and Christianity. We will examine the intricate relationships between sectarian violence, prejudice, and religious freedom in several Middle Eastern nations in this series of articles.

In addition to fighting for the defense of human rights and advancing universal ideals, our goal is to bring attention to the struggles that Christians and other religious minorities experience.

The Middle East is rich in history and diversity, encompassing countries such as Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Bahrain, Iraq, Lebanon, and Syria. However, it is not without its share of difficulties when it comes to upholding human rights, particularly for religious minorities.

According to a report by the U.S. State Department, blasphemy and apostasy laws are often misused to suppress dissent, target political opponents, and settle personal vendettas. Discrimination and violence against Christians and other religious minority groups are prevalent, leading to the displacement of millions and a decline in the Christian population in the region.

We will examine specific countries such as Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, and Jordan, uncovering the challenges faced by Christians and the violations of religious freedom and human rights that persist. We will explore the discriminatory practices, sectarian tensions, and legal limitations that hinder the full realization of religious rights.

These critical issues it is crucial to understand the scope and magnitude of the challenges faced by Christians and religious minorities in the Middle East. Only by raising awareness and working towards tangible solutions can we ensure the protection and promotion of religious freedom for all.

Discriminatory Practices in Algeria

While the constitution of Algeria provides for religious freedom, other laws and policies sometimes restrict this freedom. Non-Muslim groups, including Christians, face difficulties when trying to register with the government. Algerian Jews and some Algerian Muslims who converted to Christianity often keep a low profile due to security concerns. The society tolerates foreigners and citizens who practice religions other than Islam to some extent, but there are still reports of discrimination and societal abuses based on religious affiliation.

“The government of Algeria should take concrete steps to ensure full respect for religious freedom,” the U.S. State Department argued.

Religious discrimination in Algeria is evident in various aspects of life, including employment, education, and public services. Christians and other religious minorities may face obstacles and marginalization in accessing job opportunities, receiving quality education, and enjoying equal treatment from government institutions. The Algerian government must strive to protect the rights of all citizens, regardless of their religious beliefs.

1. Discrimination against Non-Muslim Groups: Non-Muslim groups in Algeria, including Christians, often face discrimination when trying to establish places of worship or religious organizations. The government imposes strict regulations that hinder the process of registration and recognition, making it challenging for these religious communities to practice their faith freely.
2. Limited Freedom of Expression: The Algerian government has implemented laws restricting criticism of Islam or the state’s religious policies. This limitation on freedom of expression hampers open dialogue and stifles the voices of those advocating for religious freedom and human rights.
3. Security Concerns: Algerian Jews and Algerian Muslims who converted to Christianity often live in fear due to security concerns. Publicly expressing their faith can potentially lead to societal backlash and even endanger their safety. Subsequently, they tend to keep a low profile, concealing their religious identity.

Despite these challenges, some individuals and organizations in Algeria tirelessly advocate for religious freedom and fight against discrimination. They are working towards a more inclusive and tolerant Algerian society by promoting dialogue, raising awareness, and challenging unjust policies.

The Number of Registered Christian Churches in Algeria

The table above illustrates the gradual increase in registered Christian churches in Algeria between 2015 and 2019. Despite the challenges Christian communities face, this upward trend suggests a growing resilience and determination practice their faith despite discriminatory practices.

Religious Freedom Issues in Bahrain

The constitution of Bahrain does not explicitly protect religious freedom, but it provides freedom of worship. However, the government has been criticized for favoring the Sunni Muslim citizen population and cracking down on the Shia community. Sectarian violence between different religious groups is a recurring issue in Bahrain. The government has been accused of excessive use of force, torture, and mistreatment of detainees arrested during protests.

Challenges in Egypt

Egypt, with its rich history and diverse culture, has faced significant challenges in terms of religious freedom and sectarian tensions. While the country’s constitution and laws provide some degree of freedom of religion, limitations and discriminatory practices hinder its full realization.

One of the significant issues is the government’s failure to protect religious minority groups, particularly Coptic Christians, effectively. Despite their long-standing presence in Egypt, Copts often face discrimination and violence. Instances of incendiary speech against them are not adequately condemned, perpetuating a climate of intolerance and fear.

Moreover, the rise of hate speech and violence committed in the name of Islam has further exacerbated sectarian tensions in the country. Extremist ideologies and acts of terrorism target not only Christians but also other religious minorities, creating a sense of insecurity and vulnerability.

The Plight of Coptic Christians

Coptic Christians, who constitute the largest Christian community in the Middle East, have long endured persecution and marginalization in Egypt. They face challenges in various aspects of life, including:

• Restrictions on building and repairing churches.
• Discrimination in employment.
• Violent attacks on individuals and places of worship.
• Difficulties in interfaith marriages and conversions.

These obstacles restrict the religious freedom of Copts and undermine their full participation in Egyptian society.

“The ongoing discrimination and violence against religious minorities, especially Coptic Christians, in Egypt must be addressed urgently. The government needs to take proactive measures to protect the rights of all its citizens, regardless of their religious affiliation.”

Combating Sectarian Tensions

To address the sectarian tensions in Egypt, promoting interfaith dialogue and fostering a culture of tolerance and acceptance is crucial. Efforts should be made to challenge extremist ideologies and promote national unity that transcends religious differences.

The government plays a vital role in this regard by ensuring the protection of religious minority rights, prosecuting perpetrators of violence, and condemning hate speech. Education and awareness programs should also be implemented to promote understanding and respect among different religious communities.

By addressing these challenges head-on, Egypt can work towards a more inclusive society that upholds religious freedom and fosters peaceful coexistence among its diverse population.

Religious Freedom and Sectarian Violence in Iraq

Iraq’s constitution recognizes religious freedom, but instances of officials misusing their authority to limit the freedom of religious groups other than their own have been observed. While the government has called for tolerance and acceptance of all religious minorities, violent attacks by terrorist groups like Al-Qaeda have restricted the ability of believers to practice their religion freely. The country has been deeply affected by sectarian violence, which poses significant challenges for religious communities.

“We must ensure that every Iraqi citizen, regardless of their religion, can exercise their faith without fear of violence or discrimination.” – Prime Minister Mustafa Al-Kadhimi.

In Iraq, religious freedom is guaranteed by the constitution, but the reality reveals a different story. The country has a complex and diverse religious landscape, with Shia Islam being the dominant branch. However, other religious groups, such as Sunni Muslims, Christians, Yazidis, and Mandaeans, also exist in significant numbers.

Over the years, Iraq has experienced a series of conflicts and upheavals that have resulted in the targeting and persecution of religious minorities. The rise of extremist groups like Al-Qaeda and later ISIS has escalated sectarian violence, leading to the displacement and marginalization of religious communities.

Religious Freedom Challenges in Iraq

The challenges to religious freedom in Iraq are multi-faceted:

1. Sectarian violence: Iraq has struggled with deep-rooted sectarian tensions between Shia and Sunni communities, leading to targeted attacks and reprisals against both groups, as well as minority communities. Places of worship have been targeted in acts of violence, destroying numerous religious sites.
2. Discrimination against religious minorities: Non-Muslim religious groups face discrimination and marginalization in areas dominated by the majority religion. Christians, Yazidis, and other minority communities have been subjected to forced conversions, displacement, and violence.
3. Exodus of religious communities: The ongoing violence and insecurity have forced many religious minorities to flee the country. Iraq has seen a significant decline in its Christian population, with thousands seeking refuge abroad.

The table below provides an overview of the religious composition of Iraq:

The diverse religious landscape of Iraq reflects its rich history and cultural heritage. However, the ongoing sectarian violence and discrimination against religious minorities pose significant challenges to the country’s religious freedom and social cohesion. Addressing these challenges requires efforts from both the government and the international community to promote dialogue, tolerance, and respect for the rights of all religious communities.

Religious Freedom in Jordan

In Jordan, religious freedom is guaranteed by the constitution and laws, although some exceptions exist. While Islam is the state religion, individuals are allowed to practice their religion by the customs observed in the country as long as it does not violate public order or morality.

However, members of unrecognized religious groups and Muslim converts to Christianity may face legal discrimination. The government monitors and sometimes restricts religious activities, particularly those of the Bahai Faith and individuals suspected of proselytizing Muslims.

“Religious freedom is a fundamental right that should be protected for all individuals, regardless of their faith or religious affiliation. It is important to create an inclusive society that respects and upholds the rights and beliefs of all its citizens.”

Discrimination Against Unrecognized Religious Groups

Unrecognized religious groups in Jordan, such as the Bahai Faith, face discrimination and restrictions on their religious practices. These groups have yet to be officially recognized by the government, which limits their ability to practice and express their faith freely.

This discrimination can manifest in various forms, including limitations on building places of worship, restrictions on public religious gatherings, and difficulties in obtaining official recognition from the government. As a result, members of these unrecognized religious groups often face social stigma and marginalization.

Legal Discrimination Against Muslim Converts to Christianity

Muslims who convert to Christianity in Jordan may face legal challenges and discrimination. While the country’s laws technically allow religious conversion, societal and legal pressures often make it difficult for Muslim converts to practice and identify with their new faith openly.

In some cases, Muslim converts may face opposition and even persecution from their families, communities, and authorities. The government can restrict their religious activities and may subject them to surveillance or harassment, further limiting their religious freedom.

Monitoring and Restricting Religious Activities

The Jordanian government monitors and sometimes restricts religious activities that violate public order or morality. This includes monitoring the activities and gatherings of religious communities, particularly those suspected of proselytizing Muslims.

While the intention may be to protect societal harmony and prevent religious extremism, these measures can have a chilling effect on religious freedom. They can restrict the ability of individuals and communities to freely express and practice their faith, leading to self-censorship and limiting religious diversity.

Conclusion

Christianity and human rights face significant challenges in the Middle East due to discriminatory practices, sectarian violence, and restrictions on religious freedom. The persecution of Christians, sometimes amounting to genocide, has led to an exodus of believers from the region.

While international human rights frameworks exist, their implementation and enforcement in the Middle East have been limited. It is crucial to raise awareness about these issues and find ways to protect the rights of Christians and all religious minorities in the Middle East.

By advocating for religious freedom, condemning discrimination, and supporting initiatives promoting tolerance and peaceful coexistence, we can create a society where Christianity and human rights are respected and protected for all individuals in the Middle East.

Source Links

• https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/may/02/persecution-driving-christians-out-of-middle-east-report
• https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/us-report-religious-freedom-middle-east
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Middle_East